Late Adulthood Paper Essay Example for Free

Late Adulthood Paper Essay People over the age of 65 have gone through a life of changes. He or she starts off as a young baby. He or she then develops into a growing child. into a young individual, and finally into a full adult. Now however is the hardest stage of any older individual’s life, they start to realize that time is limited and their life is slowly starting to decline and come to an end. This experience can be very frightening to the individual because the elderly person is noticing different changes and the rise of different needs. Changes not only physically but socially are occurring, the need for proper living accommodations, and health care are their new worries. With this being said there are many challenges not only for the aging individual but for the whole family as well. One of the social changes that elderly have to deal with is the changes in role and social position. Individuals who have lived a long life tend to have a social status that is often taken away when they retire. This is due to the fact that the individual is no longer in the environment he or she is used to. To make this clearer one example would be someone who has worked for a company for thirty plus years. In these years the individual most likely has made countless friends, on top of that the individual might have been in position of authority. When the individual retires he or she loses the environment that made him the individual he or she was. Some adults go into a shock because they no longer have a purpose. Some feel like they are no longer needed, and often many older people tend to feel neglected or left out of society (Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D.2009). It is a difficult time for the elderly. Because before they were needed, they had a purpose. Raised children, had a purpose in their career, and often had friends and peers that made their social life exciting. With these last remaining years this all starts to fade away, friends, family, a loved one, and even their own health. This i s why living in a nursing home can be so beneficial. It is expected by the year 2050, that there will be just over one hundred million adults over the age of  sixty five (‘Administration of Aging’, 2014). Currently there are just over twenty million adults of the age of sixty five years of age. What this means is that the need for facilities such as hospices and nursing homes, as well as other health care related facilities will be on a rise as the years continue. Living accommodations in a nursing home may not be a farfetched idea for an elderly individual. This is because nursing homes have individuals just like their own. One reason most senior citizens get depressed is because they are often left alone, let us say their partner had passed away, most senior citizens withdraw from the world too. (2009). Nursing homes may allow new friendships and bonds to be formed with people in their own age group. A nursing home or hospice is the perfect environment for an aging individual not only for the social aspect, but the health aspects as well. When an elderly adult lives alone his or her health will often be highly neglected. In a nursing or hospice home however, there are many great hea lth benefits to take into consideration. According to Dependableathome (2009) the benefits of having an elderly adult in a nursing home is because of the environment is made for retired individuals. For one the nurses are all skilled, and highly equipped to handle aged individuals. These facilities allow for individuals to get services such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech and language services, as well as many other medical and social services that can ensure that the individual’s needs are met as best as possible. These are all benefits to an individual that went through adjustment in both retirement and their relationship in marriage, family and peer relationships. Adjustments into retirement can be difficult to overcome; retirement is one of the hardest situations to adjust to. When a person retires, he or she realizes that their life is starting to come down. Often most individuals do not know what to do with their self. Often for most people it takes a while for them to adjust to being home all day Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D. (2009). They often try to find projects to do around the house but after a while a form of depression kicks in. Another transition they must face is their changes in marriage, their family, and their peer relationships. Often sooner or later a spouse will die, peers will start to die, and family starts to drift off. This is an inevitable process. When a spouse dies the individual usually withdraws from society. When peers start to die it is a bittersweet  remembrance that their time is limited and the people they connected with in the past are no longer here. Family like children are full grown and living their own lives, this often neglects the older adult and is usually left alone to spend his or her remaining years by him or herself. Senior citizens not only deal with these types of hardships but social political hardships as well. Adults who are retired have a tough task at hand indeed. Individuals who once were working no longer have near the income that they once had. Most retired adults made poor choices as into how to set an up a retirement plan. Thus most retired adults only have so cial security income. Surviving on social security income alone is nearly impossible.Thus there are many social policies, laws and programs aimed into trying to help our retired population. Proper health care is one of the policies trying to be ensured to each retired adult. Proper health care will allow for one’s parent to be ensured into a proper nursing home. According to Administration of Aging. (2014), political issues that surround retired adults, include equipped and ensuring the proper resources are available to retired adults. These resources include proper medical care. Proper institutions such as nursing homes are available in the right areas and environment, and to make sure the low income retired adults are getting the nutrition he or she needs. There are also plenty of organizations aimed to ensure and to fight potential cuts to the older population to ensure that these populations get what they rightfully deserve.(2014). On a final note, in our growing population the need for facilities such as hospices, and nursing homes are on all time rises. With this growing population many families have to deal with the inevitable loss of a loved one. This inevitable lose can be a very tough, and challenging time for any family. For families a nursing home may be a perfect solution to help a family member in his or her last phase, or journey if one may in life. For with this growing population there are many different needs and factors that contribute in the later adulthood stage. Well obvious needs and changes are biological some needs are not so obvious; such changing needs both occur in social needs, and personality needs as well. Whatever the need may be it is important to take into consideration of each and every one of these retired individual are needs. Each one of these people have helped contribute in some sort of way into the growth of our country and we as a country need to  ensure that these people are getting the proper care they deserve. References Administration of Aging. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx Dependableathome. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.dependableathome.com/ Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D. (2009). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social environment (8th Ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix EBook Collection Database

Infectious Mononucleosis :: essays research papers

CauseInfectious mononucleosis is caused by the Ebstein-Barr virus, which is a member of the herpes family. This family also includes the viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects. The Ebstein-Barr virus has a lengthy incubation period and symptoms usually take about 4-10 weeks to develop.Once a person is infected with a herpes virus, it never really goes away. The viruses are able to lie dormant in our bodies and become active at any time. The only way mono can be spread is through direct contact with infected saliva. That explains why it is known as the "kissing disease". Drinking from each- others glasses, sharing silverware, and coughing can also spread the virus. In rare cases it can be transmitted from person to person through blood transfusions.A person can only be infected when someone who has the virus passes it to someone who has never been exposed. But less than 5% of people w/ mono can recall being in contact w/ someone who had mono. That is b/c some people are strictly carriers. They carry the virus and pass it along to someone else without ever getting any symptoms themselves.Population AffectedAnyone can get mono. About 70-80% of all cases occur in people btw/ the ages of 15-30. Mono is most common among high school and college students who immune systems are usually run down from stress and fatigue. Although mono peaks earlier in females, it occurs more often in males. Females are usually 15-16 when they contract mono and males tend to be around 18-23. It is estimated that by the age of 40, 95% of the population has already had mono. That might be hard to believe, but most people who had mono didn't even know it. They had such mild cases that they thought it was just a cold or flu and their bodies were able to produce antibodies against ever having mono again.SymptomsIf symptoms do appear, they don't develop immediately. The incubation period lasts anywhere from 2 to 7 weeks. The 1st symptoms are commonly mistaken for a cold. They are headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, and chills. The symptoms become more severe as the body's lymphatic system is affected. These include extreme exhaustion, sore throat, fever and swollen glands.

Hunter-gatherer: Food and Limited Personal Possessions Essay

My people are what you call Hunter-Gatherers. We survive by hunting and gathering our food. We live in what are called â€Å"Bands.† These usually consist of 15-20 people, all of which are usually related either by blood or marriage. We don’t have any type of government or hierarchy like other civilizations. Instead we believe we are all created equal, and we treat each other in that manner. We are nomadic, which means that we do not stay in the same place year around. We move in order to take advantage of the abundance of different foods in different areas. I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me take you through a day in my life. Our breakfast is pretty simple. The outcome of the hunting and gathering of yesterday decides what food we will eat for breakfast today. On a good day we will eat grapefruit, or a mixture of fruits and nuts along with some elk jerky, and of course accompanied by spring water. After breakfast the men will leave for their daily hunt.There is a great skill to their hunting, for they must know where and when to look for the foods. The men use various tools in hunting for animals. The most common of these tools is the bow. This is the most powerful weapon available. Arrows made of wood with flint blades set in their ends are also used for hunting. Our men hunt for game such as deer, elk, bear, birds, etc. They also fish. The results of the hunt are very important, mostly because we must eat, but also because we need to utilize every part of the animal in order to survive. We have various uses for the animal after it has been killed. First and foremost it is our source for food. It also provides us with the shelter and the clothing we need.I guess now would be a good time to tell you about the types of homes we live in. We cannot build permanent homes because we move around. Our houses are temporary, and because we move around we have limited personal possessions. Our shelters are lightweight huts and wind-breaks that are built out of branches. We also use the skins of animals to create tents.Our clothing is also made of animal skins. We make our clothes by stitching together hides using bone needles and animal sinew. The teeth of the animal are often used to create necklaces or pendants.After the men arrive home from their hunt, the women work together to process the food that was collected that day. The nuts and shellfish need to be removed from their shells, and the birds that were killed need to be plucked of their feathers. We also need to skin the animals and prepare the meat for cooking. For dinner we will have duck, served with nuts and fruit. If anyone is still hungry afterward they can eat jerky or grapefruit. The meat will be cooked over a simple fire, roasted on a spit. Dinner will be delicious tonight, and a great reward for a successful day’s hunt.After dinner we sometimes gather around the fire and tell stories, or dance in celebration of the hunt. We must not take life for granted, for our lives are filled with hard work and the struggle to survive.Hope you enjoyed accompanying me in the journey through my day to day life!

Three Propositions Of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 932 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Arbitrage opportunity arises if an investor can construct a zero investment portfolio with a zero profit, in other words, ability to make profit without any risk. Arbitrage Pricing Theory based on three main propositions. First, Security returns can be described by a factor model. Second, idiosyncratic risk can be diversified away. Third, Arbitrage opportunities are eventually diversified away.   This theory predicts a relationship between the returns of a  portfolio and the returns of a single asset through a linear combination of many independent macro-economic variables.1 In order to define how good the APT is, we need to look at how it work and how useful can it be. Roll and Ross (1995) stated that the actual return of a stock must follow the APT formula: R=E + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²f + e where E is equal to the expected return on the asset, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is equal to the assets sensitivity to a change in the systematic factor, f is the actual r eturn on the systematic factor, and e is the return on the unsystematic, idiosyncratic factors.2 The expected return = rf + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1*f1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2*f2 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²n*fn which rf is the risk free rate, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the sensitivity of the stock and f is the risk premium associated with each factor. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the measure of the relationship between the sensitivity of returns and the unanticipated movements in the factors. The unanticipated returns are what determine the ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²s and their measurement is one of the important components of the APT approach. There are four main economic factors that are related to unanticipated returns on large portfolios, which are unanticipated changes in inflation, industrial production, risk premiums and the slope of the term structure of interest rate. Capital Asset Pricing Model is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return  and  which has been used in the pricing of risky securities.3 The risk premium on individual securities is E(ri) = rf + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i[ E(rm)-rf] which rf is the risk free rate, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i is the coefficient of the security relative to the market portfolio and rm is the market return. The APT and the CAPM are two of the most important theories on stock and asset pricing. CAPM is a dominant pricing model compare to APT. The APT and CAPM are similar as both of them gives us a standard criterion for rate of return that can be used in capital budgeting, security valuation, or investment performance evaluation. However, they are different in some point as APT is less restrictive in the assumptions. It allows the investor to develop their model of expected return for an asset. In the CAPM theory, the expected return on a stock is described by the movement of that stock relative to the stock market4 and the only factor that should be considered is the risk of the stock relative to the entire stock market. Test of the single-index model that account for human capital and cyclical variations in asset betas are far more consistent with the single-index APT. These tests suggest that macroeconomic variables are not necessary to explain expected returns. Moreover, anomalies such as effects of size and book-to-market ratios disappear once these variables are accounted for. According to Fama and French 1996, the multifactor APT is refined theories of how exposure to systematic risk factors would have influence expected returns, but it provide little guidance regarding which factors such as sources of risk, ought to result in risk premiums.5 According to the APT, only a few systematic factors will affect the long term average returns of financial assets and it focuses on the main forces that move aggregates of assets in large portfolio. In Chen, Roll and Ross (1986), the paper is about economic forces and the stock market which has explored a set of systematic economic state variables that has influences on stock market returns and has examined their influence on asset pricing.6 Asset prices that describe the economy should depend on how visible they are to the state variables. Stock returns are visible to regular economic news in which they are priced according to their visibility, and that the news can be measured as innovations in state variables which the proofing can be done through simple financial theory. The APT highlights the crucial distinction between non-diversifiable risk also as known as factor risk, that requires a reward in the form of a risk premium and diversifiable risk that does not. It is an extremely appealing model as it depends on the assumption that a rational equilibrium in capital markets precludes arbitrage opportunities. A violation of the APTs pricing relationships will cause extremely strong pressure to restore them even if only a limited number of investors become aware of the disequilibrium. Moreover, the APT yields an expected return-beta relationship using a well-diversified portfolio, in other words, it choose an appropriate degree of exposure to the major economic risks that influence both asset returns and organizations which practically can be constructed from a large number of securities.5 For these stated reasons, APT can somehow be defined as a good asset pricing model. However, the APT implies that the expected return-beta relationship holds for all but perhaps a small number of securities. Because it focuses on the no-arbitrage condition, without the further assumptions of the market or index model, the APT cannot rule out a violation of the expected return-beta relationship for any particular asset. For this reason, CAPM has a dominant role in todays financial market rather than the APT, which shows APT, is a good model but not a perfect model for asset pricing as it is not as good as the CAPM. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Three Propositions Of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order