The mechanistic basis of acupuncture Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The robotic premise of needle therapy - Article Example It started in China over 3,000 years back. It is generally polished as a standard treatment in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Since 1970s, its fame has spread around the world (Ernst â€Å"desktop guide†). The systems in needle therapy include incitement of anatomical focuses called ‘acupuncture points’ on the body with meager needles by an assortment of methods which extend from control by hands to electrical incitement. Needle therapy is successful for soothing dental agony, constant torment in joints (osteoarthritis), ceaseless back torment, and repetitive cerebral pain. Itâ reduces sickness and regurgitating after surgeries and chemotherapy. Malignant growth patients on chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment, who create unfortunate torment and sickness, may get alleviation from needle therapy. It likewise lessens sickness related with pregnancy (Kaptchuk 374-383). The riddle that is chasing the scientists is that how an unmedicated needle, embedded at a si te remote from its ideal application can deliver wanted outcomes. A point on the lower leg produces wanted consequences for the gastric capacity and a point on the hand fixes migraine. It isn't completely known with regards to what is the component of activity behind these impacts. Different hypotheses have been advanced by scientists. The term needle therapy is utilized to portray an assortment of medicines that contrast in numerous significant perspectives, both hypothetical and specialized and henceforth there is trouble in reaching determination from existing writing (Langevin 167-75). As indicated by this hypothesis, both wellbeing and ailment result from an awkwardness of yin and yang. ‘Yin’ alludes to the female part of life. It is sustaining, lower, cool, lacking, inside, open, defensive, delicate and yielding. ‘Yang’ alludes to the manly part of life. It is viewed as upper, hot, hard, prevailing, fiery, dynamic, extreme, outside and imaginative. Health is a consequence of

Case Study: Cappuccino Wars

1)Â The espresso culture of the United States has been taken up by a tempest in the United Kingdome too. The gourmet espresso utilization in the districts expanded and the nearness of four significant chains of espresso in the nation have empowered simple access to an espresso required or wanted by the shoppers. The purpose behind the expansion and the prevalence of the coffeehouses in the area is for the most part identified with the way of life and the earth of the locale. The United Kingdom is basically a freezing district where one can feel cool winter chills even in the late spring a very long time of June and July. Therefore, espresso as a refreshment would have been extremely well known in the area. Anyway the various several assortments made accessible to the buyers provoked their curiosity just as their taste buds.Previously the locale was utilized to the unappealing dark and dim espresso which didn't come in numerous varieties. Anyway with the utilization of Brazilian espr esso and Italian espresso making machines, the gourmet espresso minstrels had the option to furnish the clients with an assorted item offering which was heavenly and appealing simultaneously. The buyer accordingly, is likewise ready to follow through on a significant expense for these espressos. The other methodology that was embraced by the bistros was to present a loosening up environment and feel at their shops. This pulled in the clients to come in the shop, purchase their drinks and invest some energy mingling or essentially making up for lost time with recent developments or their work.The other explanation concerning why coffeehouses have gotten so mainstream in the locale of UK is a result of the comfort they offer. The wide spread of the shops has made its workable for the contending just as same retailer claimed shops to be situated inside a hundred yards of one another. This gives the client the comfort and the decision of getting an espresso at whatever point they need a nd any place they need. Beside this the different flavors offered by the shops have given the clients a variety of decisions and customisation. The clients love settling on decisions and this makes the experience of purchasing and expending a mind boggling and flavourful blend of espresso extremely appealing for the customers.2)Â If I were to visit a coffeehouse just because there would be different elements affecting my choice relating to the acquisition of espresso and the recurrent utilization of espresso from the particular shop. These components would incorporate my temperament, my disposition towards the shop, the brand name of the shops, the relationship with the picture of the shop or the brand, the demeanor of my friends with the shop, the audits that are accessible for the items and administrations offered by the shop.Aside from this the elements would likewise incorporate my sincere belief of the shop, the sort of espresso I need and the different types of espressos are offered by the shop. The traffic coming in and leaving the shop just as the vibe would likewise be a significant facto of my dynamic movement. Aside structure this I would need the espresso to be sound and arranged in a cleanliness domain accordingly neatness and cleanliness would likewise have a significant influence in my choice of heading off to a specific shop for purchasing the coffee.However on the off chance that I have just visited the shop and purchased an espresso from that point, at that point my dynamic elements would marginally change. At this point I would have framed a supposition about the shop and would settle on my choice as indicated by this. The conclusion would be comprised of my involvement in the staff and the administration, the experience of expending the espresso also my own essence of the mood in the shop. The fulfillment that I inferred structure the espresso anyway would be the most significant choice for me on account of rehash buy behaviour.My choice t o purchase espresso can be a high inclusion choice just as a low association choice. At first the choice to go to a shop just because would be a high contribution choice as I would look at the spot and requesting audits structure individuals. Anyway once I have been there the choice for heading off to a similar shop would turn into a low inclusion decision.3)Â The driving coffeehouses in the UK including Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Cafã © Nero and Coffee Republic have all had been offering a lot of espresso to the clients, anyway they have been not able to make any considerable measures of benefits. The fundamental explanation behind this is they are presently a result of their development system and the item offering.They are giving the clients a profoundly various sort of item anyway the value they are charging is high and premium cost based anyway it isn't sufficient for them to take care of the expense of the customizations and the excellent crude materials required in the assemb ling and handling of these espressos. In addition the exceptional rivalry in the business has caused them to confine the level to which they can diminish their costs as the other organization in the business additionally follows the value decline making the impact the sae. Anyway the edge accessible to the organizations is getting reducesThe other explanation is that the extension system particularly by Starbucks is eating up into the objective market degree and portion of the parts of the different bistros. This has diminished the traffic coming in per bar, while the quantity of cafés have been expanding. This lessening in the rush hour gridlock joined with the low edges has made the gainfulness of these bars nearly non existent.The choice accessible to the espresso and related refreshment retailers like Starbucks and different genuine contenders is to improve the productivity of their activities. The business should perform business process reengineering whereby the need to disco ver the different wasteful aspects that exist in their business forms. Exceptional consideration must be given to the cost wasteful aspects present.These should be distinguished and enhanced or wiped out. By getting progressively productive in their tasks the stores will have the option to report benefits for their activities. One of the fundamental systems that the organizations may need to take up is close down its exceptionally wasteful and misfortune bearing stores. Beside this those stores which are absent at key area ought to be killed too so as to chop down the expenses of operations.4)Â The coffeehouses are generally situated in the focuses of the towns and the lanes as this is the place the vast majority of the traffic will in general go from. The possibility of getting a client in these locales is exceptionally high. Anyway so as to give the espresso to places where the individuals really require them would include taking the shop to the consumers.This would include setti ng up an espresso booth in the school during lunch times or in the workplaces during mid-day break. Beside this the shops can be put close to the region of enormous schools, universities and place of business. Setting the shop in such vital areas will permit the clients to helpfully go to the shop themselves. Aside structure this it is likewise conceivable to open a café inside a school grounds also. This is on the grounds that the investigation packing meetings led by the understudies require caffeine loaded drinks and they would value the nearness of a café in such advantageous vicinity.Other areas where the nearness of a coffeehouse can be beneficial for business just as palatable for the clients would be close to political and government workplaces, close to armed force preparing camps just as in medical clinics. The nearness of such coffeehouses would be highly refreshing in emergency clinics as individuals will in general have an absence of decision for drinks like espresso and snacks in the medical clinic. The bistros can likewise be situated at noticeable provincial, national just as global the travel industry spots and inns. This would give the travelers just as the working staff to the espresso culture giving them will great espresso items at their convenience.ReferenceThorburn, S., (2006), Analyst Comment, Marketing, p35-35, recovered November 10, 2007

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report - Coursework Example Medium estimated organizations like XX concoction that needs to differentiate into outside business sectors and start their business movement there, need to put enormous measure of capital in remote markets. These kinds of organizations are the principle target clients of driving speculation banks over the world (Ritter, 2003, p.278). Medium measured organizations for the most part focus on the developing markets for remote direct speculation. They incline toward giving rights for raising asset as rights issue is one of the most proficient to raise support. Venture banks are perceived for mastery in this administration. Rights issue alludes to corporate greeting by the organizations to the current investors of the organizations to purchase more portions of the organizations. The organizations offer investors to buy the new offers at a limited market cost than the present market cost of the portion of the organization. Venture banks offer this assistance to the organizations like XX c ompound and it is called endorsing administration of speculation banks (Chemmanur and Fulghieri, 1994, p.57). Financiers are the individuals who issue new offer as first sale of stock or auxiliary open contribution of organizations that need extra store for key business movement. Banks unveiled the motivation behind giving rights and the investors dissect the probability of proposed venture plan or business action by the organization and choose to put resources into the type of buying gave privileges of the organizations through speculation banks. Venture banks give chance to the investors of the organizations to build their budgetary introduction as he investors can buy organizations new offers at limited cost. The bank goes about as monetary operator among investors and friends and giving money related advantages to both to some level of guaranteeing charges on the complete offer gave. The venture banks lead fundamental legitimate and administrative exercises for giving right of t he organization for the benefit of the organization gets paid by the organizations just however not from the investors for this money related assistance. The investors are permitted to exchange gave shares after fulfillment of starting or auxiliary open contribution. At that point the venture banks don't mediation on the exchanged portions of the organization. Rights Investment banks like to give endorsing administrations to the private restricted organizations than open constrained organizations. This implies they incline toward first sale of stock than auxiliary value offering of open constrained organizations. Rights issue is additionally completed without anyone else offering by the organizations. Open constrained organizations issue rights as open contribution as rights are given to the overall population. Existing investors or the new potential financial specialists can purchase open contribution from an open constrained organization. Be that as it may, a private constrained o rganization can give rights through giving more offers to just the current investors of the firm. From companies’ see point raising fund is through rights issue or value issue is more best and furthermore monetary helpful than obligation issue. Hazard resigning back to the brought capital is less up in value issue while the organization is at risk for paying the obligation or attributed sum to the loan bosses (NYU, 2012, p.68). In this manner, XX organizations should bring account up in its need of fund through rights issue yet not through loaning from banks or other money related suggestions. Along these lines, venture banks are increasingly focusing on this

Innovation Using Information Technology Research Assignment - 1650 Words

Innovation Using Information Technology Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: INNOVATION USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYName:Course:Instructor:Institution:Date:IntroductionRobotics has been the new technology that virtually every company in tech industry wants to venture in. In collaboration with software developers and other hardware component manufacturers, companies that have been active in the development of various types of robots. They have significantly improved in their innovation to an extent that currently robots with more intelligence and judgment capability that can as good as that of the programmer or developer have are now in operational in the business world. Koroko, a Japanese robot manufacturer, is among the best robotics companies that are making excellent progress in the great innovations in the robotics worldwide. The company name Koroko is a Japanese name that means heart, after the staff of the company was attracted the attention of the world of robotics with their unending endeavors in the development of animatronics of high est sophistications, (Appleton Williams, 1987, p.451). It is a subsidiary of Sanrio, and it began manufacturing robotic dinosaurs immediately after its incorporation in the late 1980s. It was founded by Shimizu Jun who has been the president of the company since then until 2010 when Sukesh bought the company from him after which she named her company Koroko Exhibits. Over the duration, the company has manufactured among other animatronics; giant insects and Ice Age mammals.Depending on the intended use of this animatronics, some sophisticated programs are installed and synchronized into the central intelligence unit to provide the required orders for execution. Among some of the uses that these robots have been surveillance, entertainment, dangerous mines, military, healthcare and even learning institution. The most recent portfolio of robots has been the development of highly sophisticated human-like robots can do 84% of what man can do in life. Upon the piloting of this robot, a new hotel Henn-a meaning strange,' has been opened in Nagasaki Japan 90% operated by robots, (CeceriCarbaugh, 2012, p.231). Actroids are the robots, which mostly resemble a woman human, that are the ones that are currently in use in this hotel to serve customers among other tasks. The innovation of this enormous magnitude has attracted the attention of the world, and large corporations are interested in adopting the technology in the near future.This new innovative business model is a better version of the old versions that were not equipped with intelligence software critical in the performance of intelligent tasks. These robots can communicate Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and English; this is meant to create a linguistic interface between customers and the robots in the hotel. A few of these robots are masculine in physique and designed to carry luggage for customers upon arrival within the hotel. They are also equipped with excellent vision lenses that help them disseminate their d uties even in total darkness with 100% accuracy. Actroids are beautified and are highly classical, the ideal characteristics of restaurant customer attendants. They mimic human smile on their faces and can laugh just like people, though in soft tones when engaging clients who are in the laughing mood(s). They just require 200 watts of power a year, a superior power safer model as compared to the old models that consumed too much power to operate just in hours.When in Benn-a Hotel in Nagasaki, Customers enjoy the best services in the hotel industry that one can imagine. From their development, Koroko Exhibitions ensured that they are loaded with programs that execute same commands but within a particular service area; for instance, all the robots working in the reception section are loaded with same programs that are meant for response operations only. The same applies to the robots that work in different parts of the hotel i.e. in the kitchen, luggage handling section, central hall service, receipts, and cash office, and also security at the gates and within the premises. Although there exist some variations in the programs loaded into these robots, according to the chief software developer at Koroko Exhibitions, Chung Tsaka 90% of the programs in all the staff- robots, are the same only that the 10% are specialized programs for specialized functions in different service sections.Unlike humans, these robots offer great innovative business values to the Hanna-a hotel. They are not subject to effects of tiredness like the human beings as they are just machines that do not feel any stimuli. These robots do not get tired at all, and this makes the good service machines as they do not need to be off duty or get days of rest in the form of leave like human beings. The robots can work all day and night without having to have sleep, and without changing of mood due to boredom. They are less likely to breach with customers, and this is because they do not have the feel ing of anger and disturbance. From three thousand clients who had minded to rate the services in the hotel Customer view Box,' located in the reception section of the hotel for customers, only 1.3% percent of the respondents who expressed their dissatisfaction with the services of the hotel. Once a customer arrives at the hotel, the security robots scan their fingerprints among other biometrics to records their identification details for reference in the event of the crime in the hotel. They then scan the whole bodies of customers to detect any harmful substance, gadget of weapon to ensure maximum security for other customers. Whenever a customer is found to be in possession of any device that is not allowed in the hotel, the robots close all the entrance pathways, and the customer is asked to surrender the prohibited gadget(s). The customers are then allowed into the reception where they are directed by the reception robots to the luggage hall and then to the main dining rooms to t ake food.Unlike the old models that provided key-in touch screens on their build up for customers to make orders, Koroko Exhibitions developed Actroids that communicates with customers just like humans and records up to twenty customer orders at a go on their buffer memories. The service robots then serve the clients according to the orders placed. Among many other functions that these robots can perform; they keep close attention to customers dining in the halls, takes back the utensils after use, cleans the dining table and gives out receipts to customers. The customers are then directed to the cashier robots where they make their payments for the services and food. Afterward, customers are then directed to the luggage halls where the robots assist them in identifying their luggage and are finally escorted out of the premises very professionally. Is has been such an amazing experience that almost all the tourists and many residents have made their efforts to dine in this beautiful hotel.Since the Actroids came to birth in 2014, robots and other animatronics of the Koroko Exhibitions have attracted business interests of not only the investors in the robotics industry but also from many other large corporations carrying out businesses globally like Samsung, Apple, Microsoft and the ministry of defense of the United States. These interests have made the Koroko Exhibitions to hike to more than two times the ...

Finance Q A Essay - 975 Words

1. Explain why market prices are useful to the financial manager. The financial manager is responsible for giving financial advice and support to clients and colleagues that will enable them to make good business decisions. Particular work environments differ considerable and involve both public and private sector organizations such as retailers, corporations, financial institutions, charities, and even small manufacturing companies and schools (Financial Manager, 2011). Primarily, financial managers look at the market price in maximizing the value of the firm. The market value is the present value of the net cash flow divided buy the risk. Investors consider the firm’s future and present earnings, disadvantages or risks and other†¦show more content†¦This gives the researcher or planner a set of values that is useful enough in determining the feasibility of a project from an economic point of view. Generally, it is simple and the results are easy to comprehend. Costs are associated with the company that is commonly much easier to measure and defined compared to benefits. This involves the operating and investment costs. Operating costs involves the materials needed to maintain an operation whilst the investment costs are incurred in planning and design such as the materials, labor, and construction costs. Benefits are, on the other hand, difficult to measure specifically for transport projects. These are diffused and extensive (Slack and Rodrigue, 2011). The relationship of net present value does not reside particularly on the cost-benefit per se rather it is viewed as part of the valuation principle. Net Present Value (NPV) is the difference concerning the present value of the project or the benefits of the investment compared to the present cost values. When the NPV positive for a project or investment opportunity, this means that the project can be implemented. It only means that the firm’s value and the wealth of the investors are in creased. In contrast, negative NPV of the investments and projects would mean losing the money of the company if ever the project was implemented. This is in accordance with the NPV decision rule. In investment alternatives, the highest NPV investment alternative should beShow MoreRelatedBalance Sheet and Income Statement Commentary Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesover 10,000 full-time employees. Eastman does the manufactures and sales chemicals, plastics, and fibers within the United States as well as around the world. The company was founded in 1920, and the headquarters are in Kingsport, Tennessee (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Eastman’s balance sheet and income statement is a comparison of the years 2011 and 2010, which shows the company profitable and stable. 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What is Technology Essay - 609 Words

What is technology? Technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. Since the creation of modern technology man has been entwined with it. On average a Smartphone user will check their phones 150 times a day, text 23 times, voice calls 22 times, use their camera 8 times, check social media 9 times and news 6 times. And that is just how man interacts with their Smartphone. Neurologist fear that if â€Å"unless we wake up to the damage that the gadget-filled, pharmaceutically enhanced 21st century is doing to our brains, we could be†¦show more content†¦If the cable/satellite goes out utter chaos for children. If your phone dies, you are running to the nearest outlet to charge it just to ensure you will not miss a friends update on Facebook and to post a picture to inst agram. If our ancestors saw us this way they will be rolling in their graves. The notch of laziness, â€Å"averse or disinclined to work, activity, or exertion; indolent†. Recently the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons have been airing a commercial about how technology today is making children lazy today and how Getting a child to walk an extra 35 minutes a day could prevent thinning bones later in life. The skit even showed the grandson calling the grandmother on his cell phone to have his grandmother to bring him a soda from the kitchen. Or watching a boring marathon right after watching a great movie since the remote is out of sight. Our children are no longer physically active considering they no longer play outside and play they are stuck to their Xbox and Playstation or their iPad. 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Communications Strategic Integrated Market â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communications Strategic Integrated Market? Answer: Introduction A model or a theory which has been considered as liable and relevant for the accomplishment of the objectives and goals of the marketing campaign and this is done through a well-coordinated use of various promotional mechanisms and tools which are cavernous to strengthen each other. On the basis of the research which has been executed by American Association of Advertising Agencies about the concept of integrated marketing communication, and according to which the term IMC values the comprehensive plan which will be evaluating the strategic roles of the variety of communication disciplines (Spacechimp 2011). This is also involved in advertising, public relations, personal selling, sales promotion which is then combined for providing a clarity consistency and maximum communication impacts. IMC will be proven very much beneficial for the business entity in varied senses. The biggest advantage of implementing this approach is that it goes a long way for developing brand awareness among the market and that too at a minimum expense. This model of communication also aids in business marketing and also in the case of direct interactions with the clients. Organizations will be able to promote their products and services in the target market and also will be developing trust among the consumers. Integrated marketing communication process is a contemporary mechanism which scores over the traditional mechanisms. This approach focuses on not only attaining the new consumers but also development and maintaining long-term healthy relationships with them. This approach also aids in saving time as it is wasted in figuring out for the best and the most appropriate marketing tool. The below-executed analysis has been furnished after conducting a detailed research on Woolworths Ltd which is Australian brand equity and is well renowned in the sector of supermarkets. It was established on 5 December 1924 and its home office is situated in Bella Vista, New South Wales, Australia, by F.W. Woolworth (Businessstudynotes 2015). Moreover, the report has been made focused on the IMC campaign which is named as GREEN IS THE NEW IN. The organization gives prizes and reliability reward to the clients in the event that they purchase an item from the organization's stores. The facility of the rebate on the item is additionally accessible as indicated by the regions. The rivals of the organization in Australia incorporate, Coles, Aldi, etc. Woolworths serves around 18 million clients consistently and they offer an incentive to every last one. Woolworths is an Australian markets organization which operates in retail and general store items. IMC objectives IMC (integrated marketing communications) remains for incorporated advertising interchanges. The concept has been considered as a wide advertising idea that spotlights on staying with showcasing and correspondence endeavors reliable and facilitated (Uwaterloo 2014). Thus, any messages the organization conveys through any sort of media ought to fortify a steady brand picture. Powerful IMC objectives are particular, quantifiable, evaluated and have an expressed time period. The below mentioned are the IMC objectives: Brand awareness: A standout amongst the most widely recognized and easy IMC objectives are developing brand awareness. Prior to selling the particular items Woolworths, it needs to make brand awareness among its target market, and this should be done for spreading awareness and also its significance (Smartling 2017). For instance, a brand-awareness objective may state "Increment brand awareness by 20 percent within three months." Favorable attitude: After the business organization sets up brand awareness, its next real advance is to influence clients to purchase its products and services. As an IMC objective, influence may incorporate making a great brand attitude or a high expectation to purchase among clients. The business entity may also evaluate general attitudes toward its image prior and then afterward a promoting effort to check whether they moved forward (Entrepreneur 2017). It could likewise think about the aim of clients to purchase after the marketing event. Brand loyalty: The ultimate and the final objective of this approach can be considered as the loyalty of the clients and the consumers which can be also termed as development and maintaining the strong and loyal relations with the consumers (Garvey, 2014). Woolworths can set brand loyalty as the IMC objective which can further comprise of increasing the customer database by 25% overall and enhancing the existing customer base by 15% within the time duration of 6 months. S: The marketing objectives are required to be significant for the entity and the same should be for the employees M: The objectives should be so developed that they are easily measurable. For instance, the promotions should increase the customer base by 25%. A: Moreover, the objectives should be practically attainable. R: The objectives should be based on some real facts and figures; no fake assumptions are required to be developed. T: There should be a fixed deadline for completion of the tasks or the determined goals. Segmentation target market analysis The concept segmentation is concerned with analysis which has been executed on the division of the market and the consumers (Grunig, 2013). This analysis is focused on the divisions of the consumers which is done so as to plan the strategies so as to develop and design the products and the services as per the requirements of the consumers. The below presented are the main variables which will aid Woolworths in the segmentation process: Demographic segmentation: - The economic condition of Australia is considered as very much favorable for the development and growth of the supermarket. The region has also been rated under the category of developed nations and on the basis of the survey it has also been observed that income level and standard of living of the people is quite high (McQuail Windahl, 2015). Moreover, this segment also includes consumers of different age groups, family size income and buying patterns etc. Psychographic segmentation: - This is one of the most significant segments in the executed analysis as it includes the traits, values, and lifestyles of consumers. Generally, Woolworths should target the consumers from every income groups as the supermarkets have products range from low cost to premium and which can be afforded by each income group. Moreover, it has also been observed that purchasing power of the consumer in Australia is relatively high. Geographic segmentation: This type of segmentation is based on the division which is executed on the basis of the geographical variables (Arnold Boggs, 2015). The needs and the requirements of the consumers vary on the basis of their geographical conditions. And hence the business entity is required to maintain the availability of the products on the basis of these requirements. Generations: The concept of generational marketing has been based on the segmentation of population on the varied range of demographic and psychographic variables (Richards Schmidt, 2014). This strategy can be used by Woolworths for attaining competitive advantage and also for digging up the clients. Benefits: The main objective of the marketing segmentation is to analyze the marketing conditions and also the consumers so as to divert the efforts of the workforce in a right direction. This objective can also be considered as one of the biggest advantages of this process. This will also benefit the Woolworths is bringing the reduction in a number of expense as there will be minimization in the wastage due to the diversion of efforts in the right direction (Kraidy, 2017). Moreover, this will also aid the business corporation in bringing enhancement in the satisfaction level of consumers as requirements and needs of the consumers are considered on priority due to segmentation. Usage: Minimization of the wastage of the efforts of the employees which was earlier was done in analyzing the market and consumer trends (Jensen, 2013). This approach also aids the business corporation in developing and designing of better and improved goods which will enhance the customer satisfaction. Target market The target market is the segments of the consumers which are developed by the business corporation on the basis of some the variable which is considered as an integral part of the process of sales (Zillmann, 2013). As this segmentation will offer Woolworths with the data about the consumers and their behaviors, needs, requirements, and demands. This will aid the business entity in developing and designing the products and services as per the requirements of the consumers. Moreover, the essential target advertises is where the organization trusts that they will be to give their most obvious opportunity. Woolworth likewise has an essential target advertise that incorporates clients having high-wage chunks. The organization goes for social advancement and focus on the natural needs of the client. That is the reason the product is offered to the constrained scope of the general population. However, store items are accessible for all age assemble individuals. The expectation for everyday comforts or lifestyle of the Australians is very high when contrasted with alternate nations. On the basis of the survey, it has been observed that over 76% of the general population purchase goods from stores and supermarkets. This demonstrates the expectation for everyday comforts of the Australians (Kasper Kellerman, 2014). So it without a doubt demonstrates that the organization can easily gain a benefit subsequent to focusing on the essential market. The next concept is the secondary target market which has been considered as the second most imperative for the organization. The general populations who purchase the item as per their inclination are the second most empirical clients. The clients of the specific item just create a deal for one item. Henceforth, organization concentrates on this market on the auxiliary premise. The disposition of the client towards a result of the Woolworth goes under the conduct of the client for that item. Eventually, organization chose at whate ver point client inclination is for a solitary item then it goes ahead the auxiliary market. Moreover, the business corporation can also make adoption of target market strategy which will enhance the quality of the process and will also aid the business entity in a number of other aspects (Richards Schmidt, 2014). The business corporation can make use of differentiated marketing strategy for targeting the segmented consumers: Differentiated strategy: A differentiated marketing system is a point at which an organization makes crusades that interest to no less than two market sections or target gatherings. For instance, Woolworths can advance for a sale that interests to individuals in two different cities and regions, or the organization can advertise an item that interests to ladies in no less than two age gatherings. Differentiated marketing techniques can target numerous portions; shoe organizations regularly make crusades that interest to the two men and ladies in an assortment of age gatherings. Differentiated marketing techniques can likewise utilize distinctive messages in a similar battle for various portions. For instance, a retailer may showcase ease to a financial plan cognizant section and item quality to a princely market portion. This strategy can be proven beneficial for Woolworths as it will develop differentiation among the products and which will attain the competitive advantage among the competitors. Creative idea The below mentioned is the marketing campaign which has been launched by Woolworths and the mentioned are the core components of the advertising campaign. Campaign name: GREEN IS THE NEW IN Message theme: The theme of the message is creating awareness for environment safety and going green (Ginsburg, Kinsman American Academy of Pediatrics. 2017). Core message: The main aim of the marketing campaign is to develop and creating awareness regarding the environment and significance of the same. Moreover, as Woolworths is dealing in supermarkets the entity wants to sell the products without harming the environment (Lawrie, 2014). Creative effective advertisements involve significantly more than just having an incredible item or a sharp motto. The innovative procedure of promoting requires watchful arranging with respect to the imperative aspects of ads and ads. Every promotion comprises of different components that are coordinated to shape a cognizant message that will achieve the objective group of viewers and influence the consumer to settle on a choice to buy the item. Woolworths can make utilization of innovative techniques to create powerful promoting messages. Each component of the publicizing message is painstakingly arranged and executed (Beach, 2014). Sponsors utilize distinctive execution systems and publicizing advances to achieve the intended interest group with an enticing message that contains both verbal and visual viewpoints. The main objective of the message strategy is communicating the brand and the products to the target market and that too in a creative and influential manner. This concep t can also be considered as the plan for the generation and development of the advertisement. The business entity can develop and utilize a combination of rational and emotional appeals in the message strategy. The following is the creative message strategy .i.e. Cognitive strategy. This strategy can be adapted by Woolworths LTD. Cognitive Strategy The prime objective of the cognitive message strategy is to outline an advertising which will affect the trust or knowledge of customers (Hatziargyriou, 2014). For instance, in case of PepsiCo Vietnam, the latest business technique of Pepsi in 2012 is discharged in the USA and after that all-inclusive. With the trademark Live for the time being", Pepsi conveyed the message to clients particularly youthful eras, Pepsi has been turning into the second well-known brand on the planet and saw profoundly as the basic drink which helps individuals to invigorate and recuperation vitality after occupied day. Designing an ad which will impose impacts on the audience beliefs and also on the data structure has been considered as the prime goals of the cognitive message strategy approach. Woolworths can be attained by suggesting benefits from anyone (Percy, 2014). The food items from the supermarkets of Woolworths can be considered as a relevant example in this case. Food can be presented as healthful, enjoyable tasting, or low calorie. Moreover, another example could be a tool of any type, and this product can be described as being durable, convenient, or easy to use. Hence it has been observed that the main goal of this approach is to make clear and also create awareness of the benefits to the consumer. This strategy has also been sub-divided into five major forms which are as follows. Comparative advertisements From the above-presented description, it has analyzed that the cognitive message strategy has been proven beneficial for the business corporation in terms of a number of aspects. By developing awareness about the products and their particular features the business entity will be enhancing and bringing an increase in the sales and demand for the products and services (Blakeman, 2014). Moreover, the products will be having a distinct image among the competitors and this will aid them in attaining a competitive advantage. Positioning strategy The idea of situating methodology has been considered as a mindful arrangement or system which has been working on the emblematic levels of the shoppers' awareness. Likewise, the situating technique has been produced on business data and seeks after to make the point by point chain of words which will build up the adjust ideas of separation, refinement, and likeness in a brought together brand-account. This has been considered for the long haul exertion and which is executed for setting the brand value and furthermore of its items or administrations. This will likewise build up a novel space in the psyches of the focused on purchasers and which will be demonstrated especially helpful for the business substance (Thorson Moore, 2013). This can also be considered as the attempt which has been executed by the business corporation so as to set the brand apart from the audience and also stimulate the way in which the target market observes them. On the basis of the research which had been conducted in the sector of the supermarkets of Australia, it has been observed that Woolworth in Australian regions have a relatively high demand as compared to its competitors. And the same can be analyzed by measuring the expenses incurred by the governing bodies on the concerning sector. On the basis of the further study which has been executed on the marketing trends, it has been observed that Australia spends $32.6 billion at Woolworths which is high as compared to the other supermarkets in the sector of the region. And all these variables have been dictating the popularity of the brand and the position of the business corporation. Moreover, it has been analyzed that the business entity has been ranked on 1st position in Australia. Unique selling proposition: The concept can be defined as the factor of consideration which has been presented by the seller. This concept has also been considered as the key to effective selling and this can only be done after pinpointing the business in a unique manner in the world of the homogenous products and competitors. This will require the business corporation to pinpoint some hard soul searching and creativity. Communication and media mix strategy A communication strategy has been considered as a critical piece which is bridging the gaps between the situational analysis and the adoption of the societal and the behavioral change communication program (Belch et al., 2014). Moreover, it can also be termed as the transmission of the information and data between the individuals within the business organization. The below mentioned are the most integral factors of the concept: The below presented are the communication strategies which can be implemented by Woolworths Pvt Ltd: The business entity and the team should focus on the issues and the problems, not on the person. The seniors and the superiors are required to be genuine, not manipulative. Flexibility should be maintained by the team leaders and the authorities. A sense of equality should be maintained by the team leads and the superior authorities. The below mentioned are some of the main communication strategies which can be adopted by Woolworths: Advertising: The business entity can make use of a number of advertising tools and mechanisms which will aid the corporation in attaining the new customers and will also enhance the awareness about the products and the services of the company. Sales promotion: The concept is concerned with the promotions which are made by the business entity by adopting some offers and schemes or also by offering free cost services and products as samples. Direct marketing: This strategy can be considered as one of the most effective mechanisms which can be utilized in the company is expecting to launch a new product or while entering the new market or region (Edsa 2017). Personal selling: This strategy has also been considered as one of the most effective mechanisms or tool to communicate and develop relations with the consumers and target market (Knowthis 2017). The biggest advantage of personal selling is that it offers immediate results and which make the team and the entity about the effectiveness of the strategies and plans which are implemented. Personal relations: This strategy will enable the business entity to develop a distinct image in the market and also in the minds of the consumers. This will also bring an increase in the market share as the consumers will think to perceive the promoted products and also a hike in the goodwill will be observed. Media mix strategies Digital media: This concept has been considered one of the contemporary means of the medium or a platform which communicates the message the messages which are required to be conveyed by the business entity till the targeted segments. This mix involves utilization of the tools such as blogs, cell phone applications, email etc. Print media: This involves pamphlets, business magazines, newspapers, billboards etc. are some of the main tools which are considered as relevant for communicating the messages. Social media: This is another tool or mechanism which has been considered as one of the fastest in the list of the communication strategies. This mechanism is very much effective and is widely used a tool. Earned media: This concept can be considered as the online word of mouth which is generally determined and presented in the form of viral tendencies, mentions, shares, reports, reviews, recommendations. Owned media: This form of media mix is any web property which can be controlled and is unique for the brand of the business corporation (titangrowth 2017). Paid media: This media can be considered as a good medium and also a good way to promote the product or service for driving earned media. Budget The concept of budgeting can be considered as the plan or the strategies which are required to be developed by the business corporation so as to plan for the expenses done. Budgets are considered as an integral part and which is also liable in operating the business in a successful manner (Mymoneycoach 2017). This concept has also been nominated as the key to the successful business organization. The concept of budgetary control can also be considered as a mechanism whereby actual results are compared with budgets. The term budget can be termed as a quantitative plan which can be utilized as a mechanism for deciding which operations and functionalities will be selected in the long run (business and finance.expertscolumn 2015). For instance, in case of Woolworths, the budgeting for operations comprises of the following: Predicting the future sales Developing estimates for long-run cash collections and payments Recommendations from employees The business entity is required to adopt the most contemporary approaches and models for managing the communication within the organization and IMC is the most preferred option. Effective communication strategies will enhance the organizational operations and functionalities which will in-turn will lead to success and growth of the business corporations. Open and informal communication procedures should be implemented so as to increase the involvement of employees within the operations within the organizational structure. Appropriate and advanced training sessions and crash courses which are related or should be organized so as to bring enhancement in the selling and communicating skills and capabilities. This will offer them an ease while interacting with the consumers and the clients. The employees expect to be involved in the marketing campaigns and events as volunteers so as to enhance their potential and expertise on the same grounds. Training sessions over the use of equipments and tools which are utilized in the manufacturing processes and operations. An open form of communication process should be developed which will aid the middle and lower level employees to have interaction with management level staff. This will enhance their expertise to another level. The executives have recommended to authorize them to offer the additional services and offers for building the relations with the consumers which in-turn will enhance their credibility and goodwill. The managerial staff should be provided with some advanced training sessions and programs which will aid them in developing their interpersonal skills. And enhancement in the capabilities and skills will help them in developing the connections and bonds with the lower and middle level employees. Open and informal communication approaches should be adopted so as to increase the involvement of the middle and lower level employees in the managerial activities and functionalities. This will also increase the dedication and interest of the employees which will in-turn will offer a hike in the efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. The engagement of the employees and lower level staff should also be increased in the decision making process which will also increase their dedication and the same will be proven beneficial for the business entity. Additional incentives and rewards system can be adopted so as to praise the employees on their performance. Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been concluded that Woolworths has been planning for integrated marketing communication and the same should be implemented for maintaining and developing an efficient and effective communication throughout the organizational structure. Moreover, the business entity has been making use of a number of a matrix and contemporary approaches for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the concept. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Beach, L. R. (2014).Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Belch, G. E., Belch, M. A., Kerr, G. F., Powell, I. (2014).Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R. (2014).Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. businessandfinance.expertscolumn. (2015). Importance of effective budgeting system in business organization. Retrieved from: https://businessandfinance.expertscolumn.com/importance-effective-budgeting-system-business-organizations. Businessstudynotes. (2015). Communication strategy Definition Types of communication strategies. Retrieved from: https://www.businessstudynotes.com/others/business-communication/communication-strategy-types-of-communication-strategies/. Edsa. (2017). Advantages of direct selling, Retrieved from:. https://www.edsa.ee/en/direct-selling/advantages-of-direct-selling/. Entrepreneur. (2017). Unique selling proposition(USP). Retrieved from: https://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/unique-selling-proposition-usp. Garvey, W. D. (2014).Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Ginsburg, K. R., Kinsman, S. B., American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017).Reaching Teens Strength-Based Communication Strategies To Build Resilience and Support Healthy Adolescent Development. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hatziargyriou, N. (Ed.). (2014).Microgrids: architectures and control. Wiley/IEEE Press. Jensen, K. B. (Ed.). (2013).A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge. Knowthis. (2017), Advantages of personal selling, Retrieved from: https://www.knowthis.com/personal-selling/advantages-of-personal-selling. Kraidy, M. (2017).Hybridity, or the cultural logic of globalization. Temple University Press. Lawrie, A. (2014). An exploration of perceptions of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies on intercultural group interactions and how they impact on learning and teaching in higher education.Internationalisation and the Student Experience, 14. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015).Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Mymoneycoach. (2017). What is budgeting? What is budget. Retrieved from: https://www.mymoneycoach.ca/budgeting/what-is-a-budget-planning-forecasting. Percy, L. (2014).Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Richards, J. C., Schmidt, R. W. (2014).Language and communication. Routledge. Richards, J. C., Schmidt, R. W. (2014).Language and communication. Routledge. Smartling. (2017). Market positioning strategy guide. Retrieved from: https://www.smartling.com/market-positioning-strategy/. Spacechimp. (2011). Pros and cons of integrated marketing. Retrieved from: https://spacechimp.io/pros-and-cons-of-integrated-marketing/ Thorson, E., Moore, J. (Eds.). (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. titangrowth. (2017). What is earned, owned paid media The difference explained, Retrieved from: https://www.titangrowth.com/NewsArticles/trifecta.html. Uwaterloo. (2014). Effective communication: Barriers and strategies. Retrieved from: https://uwaterloo.ca/centre-for-teaching-excellence/teaching-resources/teaching-tips/communicating-students/telling/effective-communication-barriers-and-strategies. Zillmann, D. (2013).Selective exposure to communication. Routledge

My Greatest Passion free essay sample

I am intrigued and enticed, by words.I will always remember the words â€Å"I claim them all.† They comes from Huxley’s Brave New World. John the Savage speaks them, claiming humanities right to unhappiness. I was fourteen when I read those words. I remember the ecstasy, I remember feeling triumphant. I remember undignifiedly jumping up and down. Should I really have been this happy over the right to misery, when I already have the right to the pursuit of happiness? I’ve decided that the reasons those words made me so happy was because they expanded on three ideas that I knew in the back of my mind would be important for understanding the world. The first idea was that some people are only a certain way because they never had the opportunity to be otherwise. Some people are pleasant only because they’ve never been faced with anything unpleasant. We will write a custom essay sample on My Greatest Passion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some people are brave only because they need to be. But most would agree, that having a choice to do something good is better than simply feeling good, the latter being the unsaid motto of the society in Brave New World. The second thought that was triggered by reading Huxley’s classic was that truly good things are not easy. Doing good often comes from overcoming bad. Heroic acts are not everyday ones. Misery provides humanity with the potential to do good and to do better. This leads to the third concept, that one of the characteristics of humanity is unhappiness. But maybe, as a people, we’ve always had a knack for facing adversity. That seems to be evidenced by the fact that we are still here. Thomas Jefferson wrote in the declaration of independence that we have the right to the pursuit of happiness and I’ve come to recognize that happiness is not a state of being. It’s a moment that you run for, and that happens along the way. You can never truly feel it if you’ve never felt anything else. Huxley knew this and he imparted it to me in only four words. It will probably take more to fix the world. It can be done. I want to do it. With words. I want to fix something. Maybe the world for one minute. I know it will hold for only so long. And then I want to start again. That is my passion.

Theories of the Origin and Evolution of Human Language

Theories of the Origin and Evolution of Human Language The expression language origins refers to theories pertaining to the emergence and development of language in human societies. Over the centuries, many theories have been put forward- and almost all of them have been challenged, discounted, and ridiculed. (See Where Does Language Come From?) In 1866, the Linguistic Society of Paris banned any discussion of the topic: The Society will accept no communication concerning either the origin of language or the creation of a universal language. Contemporary linguist Robbins Burling says that anyone who has read widely in the literature on language origins cannot escape a sneaking sympathy with the Paris linguists. Reams of nonsense have been written about the subject (The Talking Ape, 2005). In recent decades, however, scholars from such diverse fields as genetics, anthropology, and cognitive science have been engaged, as Christine Kenneally says, in a cross-discipline, multidimensional treasure hunt to find out how language began. It is, she says, the hardest problem in science today (The First Word, 2007). Observations on the Origins of Language Divine origin [is the] conjecture that human language originated as a gift from God. No scholar takes this idea seriously today. (R.L. Trask, A Students Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, 1997; rpt. Routledge, 2014) Numerous and varied explanations have been put forth to explain how humans acquired language- many of which date back to the time of the Paris ban. Some of the more fanciful explanations have been given nicknames, mainly to the effect of dismissal by ridicule. The scenario by which language evolved in humans to assist the coordination of working together (as on the pre-historic equivalent of a loading dock) has been nicknamed the yo-heave-ho model. Theres the bow-wow model in which language originated as imitations of animal cries. In the poo-poo model, language started from emotional interjections. During the twentieth century, and particularly its last few decades, discussion of language origins has become respectable and even fashionable. One major problem remains, however; most models about language origins do not readily lend themselves to the formation of testable hypotheses, or rigorous testing of any sort. What data will allow us to conclude that one model or another best explains how language arose? (Norman A. Johnson, Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes. Oxford University Press, 2007) Physical Adaptations - Instead of looking at types of sounds as the source of human speech, we can look at the types of physical features humans possess, especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been able to support speech production. . . . Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes, and they are roughly even in height. Such characteristics are . . . very helpful in making sounds such as f or v. Human lips have much more intricate muscle lacing than is found in other primates and their resulting flexibility certainly helps in making sounds like p, b, and m. In fact, the b and m sounds are the most widely attested in the vocalizations made by human infants during their first year, no matter which language their parents are using. (George Yule, The Study of Language, 5th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014) -   In the evolution of the human vocal tract since the split with other apes, the adult larynx descended to its lower position. Phonetician Philip Lieberman has persuasively argued that the ultimate cause of the human lowered larynx is its function in producing different vowels. This is a case of natural selection for more effective communication. . . . Babies are born with their larynxes in a high position, like monkeys. This is functional, as there is a reduced risk of choking, and babies are not yet talking. . . . By about the end of the first year, the human larynx descends to its near-adult lowered position. This is a case of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, the growth of the individual reflecting the evolution of the species. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014) From Words to Syntax Language-ready modern children learn vocabulary voraciously before they begin to make grammatical utterances several words long. So we presume that in the origins of language a one-word stage preceded our remote ancestors first steps into grammar. The term protolanguage has been widely used to describe this one-word stage, where there is vocabulary but no grammar. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014) The Gesture Theory of Language Origin - Speculation about how languages originate and evolve has had an important place in the history of ideas, and it has been intimately linked to questions about the nature of the signed languages of the deaf and human gestural behavior in general. It can be argued, from a phylogenetic perspective, the origin of human sign languages is coincident with the origin of human languages; sign languages, that is, are likely to have been the first true languages. This is not a new perspectiveit is perhaps as old as nonreligious speculation about the way human language may have begun. (David F. Armstrong and Sherman E. Wilcox, The Gestural Origin of Language. Oxford University Press, 2007) - [A]n analysis of the physical structure of visible gesture provides insights into the origins of syntax, perhaps the most difficult question facing students of the origin and evolution of language . . .. It is the origin of syntax that transforms naming into language, by enabling human beings to comment on and think about the relationships between things and events, that is, by enabling them to articulate complex thoughts and, most important, share them with others. . . . We are not the first to suggest a gestural origin of language. [Gordon] Hewes (1973; 1974; 1976) was one of the first modern proponents of a gestural origins theory. [Adam] Kendon (1991: 215) also suggests that the first kind of behaviour that could be said to be functioning in anything like a linguistic fashion would have had to have been gestural. For Kendon, as for most others who consider gestural origins of language, gestures are placed in opposition to speech and vocalization. . . . While we would agree with Kendons strategy of examining the relationships among spoken and signed languages, pantomime, graphic depiction, and other modes of human representation, we are not convinced that placing gesture in opposition to speech leads to a productive framework for understanding the emergence of cognition and language. For us, the answer to the question, If language began as gesture, why did it not stay that way? is that it did. . . . All language, in the words of Ulrich Neisser (1976), is articulatory gesturing. We are not proposing that language began as gesture and became vocal. Language has been and always will be gestural (at least until we evolve a reliable and universal capacity for mental telepathy). (David F. Armstrong, William C. Stokoe, and Sherman E. Wilcox, Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1995) - If, with [Dwight] Whitney, we think of language as a complex of instrumentalities which serve in the expression of thought (as he would sayone might not wish to put it quite like this today), then gesture is part of language. For those of us with an interest in language conceived of in this way, our task must include working out all the intricate ways in which gesture is used in relation to speech and of showing the circumstances in which the organization of each is differentiated from the other as well as the ways in which they overlap. This can only enrich our understanding of how these instrumentalities function. If, on the other hand, we define language in structural terms, thus excluding from consideration most, if not all, of the kinds of gestural usages I have illustrated today, we may be in danger of missing important features of how language, so defined, actually succeeds as an instrument of communication. Such a structural definition is valuable as a matter of convenience , as a way of delimiting a field of concern. On the other hand, from the point of view of a comprehensive theory of how humans do all the things they do by means of utterances, it cannot be sufficient. (Adam Kendon, Language and Gesture: Unity or Duality? Language and Gesture, ed. by David McNeill. Cambridge University Press, 2000) Language as a Device for Bonding [T]he size of human social groups gives rise to a serious problem: grooming is the mechanism that is used to bond social groups among primates, but human groups are so large that it would be impossible to invest enough time in grooming to bond groups of this size effectively. The alternative suggestion, then, is that language evolved as a device for bonding large social groupsin other words, as a form of grooming-at-a-distance. The kind of information that language was designed to carry was not about the physical world, but rather about the social world. Note that the issue here is not the evolution of grammar as such, but the evolution of language. Grammar would have been equally useful whether language evolved to subserve a social or a technological function. (Robin I.A. Dunbar, The Origin and Subsequent Evolution of Language. Language Evolution, ed. by Morten H. Christiansen and Simon Kirby. Oxford University Press, 2003) Otto Jespersen on Language as Play (1922) - [P]rimitive speakers were not reticent and reserved beings, but youthful men and women babbling merrily on, without being so particular about the meaning of each word. . . . They chattered away for the mere pleasure of chattering . . ..   [P]rimitive speech . . . resembles the speech of little baby himself, before he begins to frame his own language after the pattern of the grownups; the language of our remote forefathers was like that ceaseless humming and crooning with which no thoughts are as yet connected, which merely amuses and delights the little one. Language originated as play, and the organs of speech were first trained in this singing sport of idle hours. (Otto Jespersen,Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin, 1922) - It is quite interesting to note that these modern views [on the commonality of language and music and of language and dance] were anticipated in great detail by Jespersen (1922: 392-442). In his speculations about the origin of language, he arrived at the view that referential language must have been preceded by singing, which in its turn was functional in fulfilling the need for sex (or love), on the one hand, and the need for coordinating collective work, on the other. These speculations have, in turn, their origins in [Charles] Darwins 1871 book The Descent of Man: we may conclude from a widely-spread analogy that this power would have been especially exerted during the courtship of the sexes, serving to express various emotions. . . . The imitation by articulate sounds of musical cries might have given rise to words expressive of various complex emotions. (quoted from Howard 1982: 70) The modern scholars mentioned above agree in rejecting the well-known scenario according to which language originated as a system of monosyllabic grunt-like sounds that had the (referential) function of pointing at things. Instead, they propose a scenario according to which referential meaning was slowly grafted upon nearly autonomous melodious sound. (Esa Itkonen, Analogy as Structure and Process: Approaches in Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology and Philosophy of Science. John Benjamins, 2005) Divided Views on the Origins of Language (2016) Today, opinion on the matter of language origins is still deeply divided. On the one hand, there are those who feel that language is so complex, and so deeply ingrained in the human condition, that it must have evolved slowly over immense periods of time. Indeed, some believe that its roots go all the way back to  Homo habilis, a tiny-brained hominid that lived in Africa not far short of two million years ago. On the other, there are those like [Robert] Berwick and [Noam] Chomsky who believe that humans acquired language quite recently, in an abrupt event. Nobody is in the middle on this one, except to the extent that different extinct hominid species are seen as the inaugurators of language’s slow evolutionary trajectory. That this deep dichotomy of viewpoint has been able to persist (not only among linguists, but among paleoanthropologists, archaeologists, cognitive scientists, and others) for as long as anyone can remember is due to one simple fact: at least until the very recent advent of writing systems, language has left no trace in any durable record. Whether any early humans possessed language, or didn’t, has had to be inferred from indirect proxy indicators. And views have diverged greatly on the matter of what is an acceptable proxy. (Ian Tattersall, At the Birth of Language.   The New York Review of Books, August 18, 2016) Also  See Where Does Language Come From?: Five Theories on the Origins of Language Cognitive Linguistics  and  Neurolinguistics

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams Term Paper

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams - Term Paper Example Today the stream of medical technologies has evolved to such an extent that almost all the medical specialists in medicine depend significantly on technology. In the following section this paper briefly describes the imaging modality called Nuclear Medicine. Although the imaging modalities like Nuclear Medicine, X-Rays, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, are categorized as modalities of medical imaging. Except for Nuclear Medicine which is also termed as Radionuclide Scanning, rest all belong to the field of radiology. The latter half of the paper presents a contrast between Nuclear Medicine and other above mentioned modalities of radiology. Nuclear Medicine: It is an old modality of medical imaging that was discovered accidently in middle of the twentieth century. Nuclear medicine is the conglomerate of physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, detectors and computer technology. It uses predetermined amounts of radioactive material to diagnose ailments pertaining to c ancer, heart etc. This noninvasive branch of medicine uses imaging modalities after a radioactive material also known as radiotracers is either injected into the subject through intravenous injection or the subject is made to swallow or it is inhaled by the subject. The radiotracer gets settled in the part of the body that is to be imaged or studied. These radioactive substances emit gamma rays – that is electromagnetic radiations consist of photons. These rays are detected by a gamma camera etc. These devices enable the specialist to understand the condition of the body part, on the basis on the level of radiation that is detected by the detector. Some of the imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine are Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scanner), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Bone Scanning and Cardiovascular imaging. Figure 1 shows a PET Scanner. Nuclear medicine is helpful in detecting cancers, inadequate flow of blood to various tissues in the body , improper functioning of organs. Figure 1. PET Scanner (Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology) Radiological Modalities: It is said that the invention of X-Rays by Roentgen in 1895 sparked off a trend of innovation in medicine. Clinical applications of X-Rays lead to the birth of radiology – one of the branches of medicine that has a significant role in other specialties like orthopedics and neurology. Computed Tomography (CT) scanning is an extension of use of X-Rays in medicine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) is another very important imaging modality that uses magnetic field and it was invented almost the same time as CT. Sideways radiology also saw the developments and use of ultrasounds in medicine. Nuclear Medicine vs. X-Rays, CT & MRI: Utility: Besides the anatomical (structural) information nuclear medicine (also called radionuclide scanning) also presents to the doctors the function of the body’s organ as well. This information enables the doctors to understand if the org an is functioning properly. In the case of other radiological modalities like X-Ray, CT etc, the information captured by them is purely anatomical. It is worth including here that the nuclear medicine images give lesser information about spatial resolution but the images obtained in nuclear medicine may help us to diagnose an ailment sooner than any other radiological

MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS PowerPoint Presentation

MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS - PowerPoint Presentation Example An example, the position vector of the particle gives the position of a particular time and this makes the velocity vector on the derivative of the position Positional vector also location or radius vector is the representation of a point in the relation to an origin. Positional vector in geometry is used in two or three-dimensional space but it can generalize to include space with given number of dimensions. The vector is used in different geometry to describe continuous and differentiable space curves. The vector is also used in mechanics in equation of motion (Chatterjee, 2009). The function defines the motion of a particle with its location in relation to the given coordinate system. Positional vector is a function of time and the three derivatives are computed with respect to time. The derivatives are used in kinematics, engineering, and control theory. Acceleration vector is the rate in which an object in motion changes its velocity the vector has no issue to deal with the going fast of an object in motion but it is concerned with the changing of how fast the object is moving (Davis and Porta, 1994). The consideration of acceleration vector is done in three dimensions. The acceleration vectors are even done to curved motions. The components of the vector is done to speed of traverse and also the curve in the direction of the velocity vector (Davis and Porta, 1994).Acceleration for the vector has also to do with centripetal components for the circular motions and is brought about done to the changes in direction and is always normal to the trajectory and also pointing towards the center of the curved path. The vector is so much related to specific relativity, which describes the behavior of the objects that are travelling relatively to other object and accelerations that are approaching that of light in a vacuum (Davis and Porta, 1994). Acceleration vector is used in

Late Adulthood Paper Essay Example for Free

Late Adulthood Paper Essay People over the age of 65 have gone through a life of changes. He or she starts off as a young baby. He or she then develops into a growing child. into a young individual, and finally into a full adult. Now however is the hardest stage of any older individual’s life, they start to realize that time is limited and their life is slowly starting to decline and come to an end. This experience can be very frightening to the individual because the elderly person is noticing different changes and the rise of different needs. Changes not only physically but socially are occurring, the need for proper living accommodations, and health care are their new worries. With this being said there are many challenges not only for the aging individual but for the whole family as well. One of the social changes that elderly have to deal with is the changes in role and social position. Individuals who have lived a long life tend to have a social status that is often taken away when they retire. This is due to the fact that the individual is no longer in the environment he or she is used to. To make this clearer one example would be someone who has worked for a company for thirty plus years. In these years the individual most likely has made countless friends, on top of that the individual might have been in position of authority. When the individual retires he or she loses the environment that made him the individual he or she was. Some adults go into a shock because they no longer have a purpose. Some feel like they are no longer needed, and often many older people tend to feel neglected or left out of society (Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D.2009). It is a difficult time for the elderly. Because before they were needed, they had a purpose. Raised children, had a purpose in their career, and often had friends and peers that made their social life exciting. With these last remaining years this all starts to fade away, friends, family, a loved one, and even their own health. This i s why living in a nursing home can be so beneficial. It is expected by the year 2050, that there will be just over one hundred million adults over the age of  sixty five (‘Administration of Aging’, 2014). Currently there are just over twenty million adults of the age of sixty five years of age. What this means is that the need for facilities such as hospices and nursing homes, as well as other health care related facilities will be on a rise as the years continue. Living accommodations in a nursing home may not be a farfetched idea for an elderly individual. This is because nursing homes have individuals just like their own. One reason most senior citizens get depressed is because they are often left alone, let us say their partner had passed away, most senior citizens withdraw from the world too. (2009). Nursing homes may allow new friendships and bonds to be formed with people in their own age group. A nursing home or hospice is the perfect environment for an aging individual not only for the social aspect, but the health aspects as well. When an elderly adult lives alone his or her health will often be highly neglected. In a nursing or hospice home however, there are many great hea lth benefits to take into consideration. According to Dependableathome (2009) the benefits of having an elderly adult in a nursing home is because of the environment is made for retired individuals. For one the nurses are all skilled, and highly equipped to handle aged individuals. These facilities allow for individuals to get services such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech and language services, as well as many other medical and social services that can ensure that the individual’s needs are met as best as possible. These are all benefits to an individual that went through adjustment in both retirement and their relationship in marriage, family and peer relationships. Adjustments into retirement can be difficult to overcome; retirement is one of the hardest situations to adjust to. When a person retires, he or she realizes that their life is starting to come down. Often most individuals do not know what to do with their self. Often for most people it takes a while for them to adjust to being home all day Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D. (2009). They often try to find projects to do around the house but after a while a form of depression kicks in. Another transition they must face is their changes in marriage, their family, and their peer relationships. Often sooner or later a spouse will die, peers will start to die, and family starts to drift off. This is an inevitable process. When a spouse dies the individual usually withdraws from society. When peers start to die it is a bittersweet  remembrance that their time is limited and the people they connected with in the past are no longer here. Family like children are full grown and living their own lives, this often neglects the older adult and is usually left alone to spend his or her remaining years by him or herself. Senior citizens not only deal with these types of hardships but social political hardships as well. Adults who are retired have a tough task at hand indeed. Individuals who once were working no longer have near the income that they once had. Most retired adults made poor choices as into how to set an up a retirement plan. Thus most retired adults only have so cial security income. Surviving on social security income alone is nearly impossible.Thus there are many social policies, laws and programs aimed into trying to help our retired population. Proper health care is one of the policies trying to be ensured to each retired adult. Proper health care will allow for one’s parent to be ensured into a proper nursing home. According to Administration of Aging. (2014), political issues that surround retired adults, include equipped and ensuring the proper resources are available to retired adults. These resources include proper medical care. Proper institutions such as nursing homes are available in the right areas and environment, and to make sure the low income retired adults are getting the nutrition he or she needs. There are also plenty of organizations aimed to ensure and to fight potential cuts to the older population to ensure that these populations get what they rightfully deserve.(2014). On a final note, in our growing population the need for facilities such as hospices, and nursing homes are on all time rises. With this growing population many families have to deal with the inevitable loss of a loved one. This inevitable lose can be a very tough, and challenging time for any family. For families a nursing home may be a perfect solution to help a family member in his or her last phase, or journey if one may in life. For with this growing population there are many different needs and factors that contribute in the later adulthood stage. Well obvious needs and changes are biological some needs are not so obvious; such changing needs both occur in social needs, and personality needs as well. Whatever the need may be it is important to take into consideration of each and every one of these retired individual are needs. Each one of these people have helped contribute in some sort of way into the growth of our country and we as a country need to  ensure that these people are getting the proper care they deserve. References Administration of Aging. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx Dependableathome. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.dependableathome.com/ Zastrow, H. C., Oren, D. (2009). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social environment (8th Ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix EBook Collection Database

Infectious Mononucleosis :: essays research papers

CauseInfectious mononucleosis is caused by the Ebstein-Barr virus, which is a member of the herpes family. This family also includes the viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects. The Ebstein-Barr virus has a lengthy incubation period and symptoms usually take about 4-10 weeks to develop.Once a person is infected with a herpes virus, it never really goes away. The viruses are able to lie dormant in our bodies and become active at any time. The only way mono can be spread is through direct contact with infected saliva. That explains why it is known as the "kissing disease". Drinking from each- others glasses, sharing silverware, and coughing can also spread the virus. In rare cases it can be transmitted from person to person through blood transfusions.A person can only be infected when someone who has the virus passes it to someone who has never been exposed. But less than 5% of people w/ mono can recall being in contact w/ someone who had mono. That is b/c some people are strictly carriers. They carry the virus and pass it along to someone else without ever getting any symptoms themselves.Population AffectedAnyone can get mono. About 70-80% of all cases occur in people btw/ the ages of 15-30. Mono is most common among high school and college students who immune systems are usually run down from stress and fatigue. Although mono peaks earlier in females, it occurs more often in males. Females are usually 15-16 when they contract mono and males tend to be around 18-23. It is estimated that by the age of 40, 95% of the population has already had mono. That might be hard to believe, but most people who had mono didn't even know it. They had such mild cases that they thought it was just a cold or flu and their bodies were able to produce antibodies against ever having mono again.SymptomsIf symptoms do appear, they don't develop immediately. The incubation period lasts anywhere from 2 to 7 weeks. The 1st symptoms are commonly mistaken for a cold. They are headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, and chills. The symptoms become more severe as the body's lymphatic system is affected. These include extreme exhaustion, sore throat, fever and swollen glands.

Hunter-gatherer: Food and Limited Personal Possessions Essay

My people are what you call Hunter-Gatherers. We survive by hunting and gathering our food. We live in what are called â€Å"Bands.† These usually consist of 15-20 people, all of which are usually related either by blood or marriage. We don’t have any type of government or hierarchy like other civilizations. Instead we believe we are all created equal, and we treat each other in that manner. We are nomadic, which means that we do not stay in the same place year around. We move in order to take advantage of the abundance of different foods in different areas. I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me take you through a day in my life. Our breakfast is pretty simple. The outcome of the hunting and gathering of yesterday decides what food we will eat for breakfast today. On a good day we will eat grapefruit, or a mixture of fruits and nuts along with some elk jerky, and of course accompanied by spring water. After breakfast the men will leave for their daily hunt.There is a great skill to their hunting, for they must know where and when to look for the foods. The men use various tools in hunting for animals. The most common of these tools is the bow. This is the most powerful weapon available. Arrows made of wood with flint blades set in their ends are also used for hunting. Our men hunt for game such as deer, elk, bear, birds, etc. They also fish. The results of the hunt are very important, mostly because we must eat, but also because we need to utilize every part of the animal in order to survive. We have various uses for the animal after it has been killed. First and foremost it is our source for food. It also provides us with the shelter and the clothing we need.I guess now would be a good time to tell you about the types of homes we live in. We cannot build permanent homes because we move around. Our houses are temporary, and because we move around we have limited personal possessions. Our shelters are lightweight huts and wind-breaks that are built out of branches. We also use the skins of animals to create tents.Our clothing is also made of animal skins. We make our clothes by stitching together hides using bone needles and animal sinew. The teeth of the animal are often used to create necklaces or pendants.After the men arrive home from their hunt, the women work together to process the food that was collected that day. The nuts and shellfish need to be removed from their shells, and the birds that were killed need to be plucked of their feathers. We also need to skin the animals and prepare the meat for cooking. For dinner we will have duck, served with nuts and fruit. If anyone is still hungry afterward they can eat jerky or grapefruit. The meat will be cooked over a simple fire, roasted on a spit. Dinner will be delicious tonight, and a great reward for a successful day’s hunt.After dinner we sometimes gather around the fire and tell stories, or dance in celebration of the hunt. We must not take life for granted, for our lives are filled with hard work and the struggle to survive.Hope you enjoyed accompanying me in the journey through my day to day life!